尼泊尔加德满都谷地出水口的抗灾建设

Rajesh Shrestha, Khet Raj Daha
蓝毗尼国际科学技术学院灾害风险工程与管理系

摘要

加德满都谷地是古代通过 Chobar 峡谷的巴格玛蒂河将湖水排干而形成的。加德满都山谷表面内的基岩由
粘土沉积物组成，即 Kalimati（尼泊尔语中的黑色土壤）粘土，也称为致密不可渗透的黑色泥浆。这种土壤非常肥
沃。山谷中的人们熟练地利用地理结构和自然资源来提高文明程度，这从传统的供水系统或 hiti（尼泊尔的 Dhunge
Dhara）系统中可以看出。它也被称为水喷口或雨喷口。这项研究在 2020 年 1 月至 6 月期间进行。从不同来源收集
了论文、手册、报告和数据库等已发表文献，并进行了深入研究。研究发现，加德满都和拉利特布尔的人口正在迅
速增加，但饮用水的来源正在逐渐减少。过去，Dhunge Dhara 为社区提供饮用水，因为加德满都和拉利特布尔地区
共有 237 个 Dhunge Dhara。在加德满都谷地，由于道路、建筑、塔楼等各种工程基础设施的发展，导致了喷水量的
减少。同样，城市化的快速增长也发生在喷水量的附近。因此，地下水不可能再补给。雨水直接通过废水管流入河流。
过去，有一条名为拉吉库洛（国王在加德满都山谷修建的运河）的灌溉渠，这些渠有效地补充了地下水。由于山谷
被改造成混凝土城市，导致希提附近的地下水补给停止。因此，在 Dhunge Dhara 的喷水口中没有水。该研究建议，
必须通过地方、省和中央政府的倡议，保护山谷中的传统 Dhunge Dhara。

关键词

Dhunge Dhara；拉吉库洛；地下水补给；水法和政策

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