主要粮食作物耐氮低应力育种研究进展

莱米 ·亚
埃塞俄比亚农业研究所

摘要

植物的生长发育依赖于氮。谷类作物的发育受土壤氮含量的影响很大，而热带土壤的氮含量较低。有机废
物会将氮截留在土壤中，使植物无法获得氮。另一方面，低投入农业是指以较少的投入维持的系统，导致系统紧张，
通常是由氮和磷酸盐短缺或缺水造成的，这会导致产量损失。在发达国家，它经常与有机农业有关，并被用作有机
农业的同义词。一种具有耐受性的植物在疾病发生后再也无法抵御或控制疾病的传播。因此，迫切需要找到增加粮
食生产的方法，特别是在世界上最贫穷的地区。在当代的改良尝试中，基于更高产量表现的基因型选择通常是在每
种类型的胁迫的最佳条件下进行的。为了解决这些情况，必须创建着眼于潜在低产品种的育种课程。在这些课程中，
选择了具有更好抗逆性的品种，如延迟叶片衰老、改善营养经济性、当地环境适应性、持续产量和抗病性，从而提
高了低投入系统的可持续性。因此，来自世界各地的研究人员正在投入大量精力来创造改良品种和杂交种。可以通
过引进、选择、杂交和突变技术创造出非生物和耐生物的作物品种。使用系谱、改良的大宗系谱和另一种培养方法
来生产能够耐受盐度的品种。为了通过传统育种或生物技术方法创造出优良的基因型，遗传学家必须了解作物中生
物和生物耐受性的遗传基础。由于作物科学和遗传技术的快速进步，育种家必须不断更新他们的知识和能力，以保
持最新。

关键词

氮气；有机的；经济；表演

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