糖尿病：世纪流行病

阿克 拉姆, 希沙 姆·
疾病研究所

摘要

综述了不同地区糖尿病的流行性质。中东和北非地区的成人糖尿病患病率最高（10.9%），而西太平洋地区
被诊断患有糖尿病的成人人数最多，并且拥有糖尿病患病率最高的国家（37.5%）。在诊断标准、病因和遗传学方面
比较了不同类型的糖尿病、1型、2型、妊娠糖尿病和其他类型的糖尿病。近年来，糖尿病的分子遗传学受到生物医
学领域众多著名研究者和研究小组的广泛关注。综述了基因中的大量突变和单核苷酸多态性，这些突变和单核苷酸
多态性在涉及葡萄糖代谢的各个步骤和途径以及各个水平的胰腺细胞的发育、控制和功能中发挥作用。与该领域先
前的理解相比，与不同类型糖尿病相关的糖尿病分子理解的主要进展在此简要回顾。尽管在分子和细胞水平上积累
了大量数据，但糖尿病发展和并发症的机制仍未完全了解。当然，在这一领域需要更广泛的研究，最终将反映改善
诊断、治疗和最大限度地减少慢性并发症发展机会的最终目标。

关键词

糖尿病；糖尿病分类；1型糖尿病；2型糖尿病；妊娠糖尿病；诊断；病因学；遗传学

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